STATEMENT AND CONCLUSIONS

FIVE QUESTIONS IN A BANK  EXAM
For such questions, you can take the help of Venn Diagrams. On the basis of the given statements, you should draw all the possible diagrams, and then derive the solution from each of these diagrams separately. Finally, the answer common to the all the diagrams is taken.

Example 1:

Statement:

All dogs are asses.

All assess are bulls.

Conclusions:

Some dogs are not bulls.

Some bulls are dogs.

All bulls are dogs.

All dogs are bulls.

Solution:

On the basis of both statements, the following one diagram is possible.

From the diagram it is clear that (2) and (4) conclusions logically follow.

Example 2:

Statements:

Some dogs are asses.

Some asses are bulls.

Conclusions:

Some asses are not dogs.

Some dogs are bulls.

Solution:

From these given statements the following diagrams are possible:

From the diagram neither (1) nor (2) conclusions follow. There are some logical rules also to solve these problems.

statements are given. The statements are known as premises. Premise consists of SUBJECT and

PREDICATE.

Premise starts with

ALL

NO

SOME

SOME NOT

Derivation of answers:

----------------------------------------------------------- Affirmative Negative -----------------------------------------------------------

Universal All No

Particular Some Some not Many Many not

------------------------------------------------------------

Middle term: The word that occurs in both the premises is middle term.

Rules for solving deductions (Syllogisms)

Every deduction should contain exactly three terms

The middle term (term present in both the premises) must be distributed at least once

If one of the premises is negative, the conclusion must be negative (will have word no or

not)

If one of the premises is particular, the conclusion must be particular (will have word some,

few, many etc.)

If both the premises are particular, no conclusion can be drawn from the given premises

If both the premises are negative, no conclusion can be drawn from the given premises

A term that is not distributed in the premises can’t be distributed in the conclusion